يستخدم هذا النوع من الافعال للسؤال عن المقدره (can) والملائمه (should) والوجوب (must) وهذا جدول بأهم الافعال | |||||||
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| مختصرات الفعل | الفعل في حالة النفي | الفعل | |||||
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| can’t | cannot | can | |||||
| couldn’t | Could not | could | |||||
| | may not | may | |||||
| mightn’t | might not | might | |||||
| won’t | will not | will ,’ll | |||||
| wouldn’t | would not | would , ‘d | |||||
| shan’t | shall not | shall | |||||
| shouldn’t | should not | should | |||||
| oughtn’t to | ought not to | ought to | |||||
| mustn’t | must not | must | |||||
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| ملاحظات هامة | |||||||
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| · لاتستخدم ( do ) مع الافعال المساعدة الشكليه كما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||||||
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| Will you help me? No, I won’t. Can you speak French? No, I can’t. | |||||||
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| · ولكن تستخدم (do) للسؤال عن المقدرة كأفعل رئيسي مثل | |||||||
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| Do you know French? No, I don’t. | |||||||
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| · الافعال الشكلية تكون متبوعة بمصدر بدون (to) بأستثناء (ought) تكون متبوعة ﺑ (to) مثل .. | |||||||
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| Tom will leave at once. Tom must leave at once. Tom should leave at once. Tom ought to leave at once. | |||||||
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| · الافعال الشكلية المساعدة لاتاخذ اس الشخص الثالث كما يحصل مع الافعال الرئيسية مثل .. | |||||||
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| He can play tennis if he wants to. | |||||||
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| · تستخدم (can, could) في المضارع والماضي فقط لانها لا تملك صيغة (ing) ولا اسم مفعول ولكن يعوض عنها بصيغة (be able to) في زمن المضارع التام والمستقبل وكما في الامثلة التالية | |||||||
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| David cannot go to school. | Present | ||||||
| David could not go to school yesterday. | Past | ||||||
| David has not been able to go to school this week. | Present Perfect | ||||||
| David will not be able to go to school next week. | Future | ||||||
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| معاني الافعال الشكلية واستخداماتها ... | |||||||
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| 1. (can) | |||||||
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| | بقية الازمنة | زمن الماضي | زمن المضارع | ||||
| | be able to | could | can | ||||
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| · تستخدم (can) بمعنى يستطيع او يقدر كما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||||||
| I can’t play the piano at all. Peter could never find a job. I’ll never be able to play the piano. Have you been able to find a job? | |||||||
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| · تستخدم (can) بمعنى ممكن كأحتمال , ويعوض عنها ﺑ (be possible to) في المضارع التام والمستقبل , حيث تكون متبوعة بمصدر وكما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||||||
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| The weather can be very bad at this time of the year. Could you do this for me? It has not been possible to discuss the question earlier. | |||||||
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| · تستخدم (can) بمعنى يسمح في المضارع فقط اما في بقية الازمنة فيستخدم (be allowed to – be permitted to) كـبديل عنها ,كما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||||||
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| Can I see you tonight? He was allowed to stay another week. | |||||||
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| 1. (may , might) | ||
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| بقية الازمنة | زمن الماضي | زمن المضارع |
| Be allowed to / be permitted to | might | may |
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| · تستخدم (may , might) بمعنى ربما للاحتمالية , كما في الامثلة التالية ... | ||
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| John may be a bit late for school tomorrow. He may not go at all. | ||
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| · تستخدم (may , might) بمعنى يسمح في زمن المضارع فقط كما في الامثلة التالية | ||
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| You may go when you like. May I have this dance? | ||
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| · اما مع الازمنة الاخرى فتستخدم (be allowed to – be permitted to) ويمكن استخدام (can) لنفس المعنى كما في الامثلة التالية ... | ||
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| She was allowed (permitted) to stay as long as she wanted. We weren’t allowed to visit the patient. How long have you been allowed to stay? | ||
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| · لا يمكن استخدام (may, might) بمعنى يجب لا ولكن يمكن استخدام (can’t , mustn’t) بدلاً عنها مثل | ||
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| You can’t do that. You mustn’t go out tonight. | ||
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| · يمكن استخدام (not supposed to) بمعنى ليس من المفترض مع (is or are) كما المثال التالي | ||
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| You are not supposed to smoke in here. | ||
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| 2. ( will ) | ||
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| · تستخدم ( will ) بمعنى سوف , للمزيد (راجع زمن المستقبل ) كما في المثال التالي .. | ||
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| They’ll soon be back. She will buy a new car next year. | ||
تستخدم ( will ) بمعنى يريد او يرغب في ثلاث حالات فقط هم : | |||
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| § في السؤال والجواب مثل ... | |||
| Will you help me? Are you willing to help me? Yes, I will. Will you please open the door? Will you make a statement, Mr. President? I’d like to travel more. | |||
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| § في العبارة المنفية مثل ... | |||
| I won’t go there. | |||
| § في الجمل الشرطيه , مثل ... | |||
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| I‘d be grateful if you would take a look at my paper. | |||
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| · تستخدم ( will ) بمعنى معتاد , كما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||
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| He will sit fishing for hours. My friends would always knock twice. | |||
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| · تستخدم ( will ) بمعنى يتنبأ او يتوقع , كما في الامثل التالية ... | |||
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| There goes the phone, that’ll be my mother. He would be at least forty when he married. | |||
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| 1. (shall) | |||
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| · تستخدم ( shall ) بمعنى سوف مع الشخص الاول المفرد والجمع (I , we) ولكن في اللغة الانكليزية الحديثة يحبذ استخدام ( will ) بدلاً عنها مثل ... | |||
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| I will (I’ll) be back at five. Shall (will) I ever see you again? | |||
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| · تستخدم ( shall ) في السؤال مع الشخص الاول او مع الاسئلة الذيلية (questions-tags) مثل ... | |||
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| What shall I do ? Let’s put the table here, shall we? | |||
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| · تستخدم ( should ) وهي الماضي من (shall) بمعنى سوف او ينبغي , كما في الامثلة التالية ... | |||
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| One should always try to do one’s best. You should (ought to) have done as you were told. This should have been done long ago. You should buy a new computer, I think. | |||
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| 2. (ought to) | |||
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| · تستخدم (ought to) بمعنى ينبغي او لابد حيث تقابل (should) في نفس المعنى مثل | |||
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| John ought to (should) be a bit more careful. You ought to (should) have told me about this. One ought to obey one’s parents. Coffee ought to be drunk without sugar. We ought to have taken a taxi. Oughtn’t we to start now? Yes, we ought /to/ (يمكن حذفها) | |||
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| بقية الازمنة | زمن الماضي | زمن المضارع | |
| have to be obliged to / be force to | had to obliged to | must have to | |
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| 3. (must) | |||
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| · تستخدم (must) بمعنى يجب في حالة المضارع فقط وتوجد مرادفه لها هي (have to) مثل | |||
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| You must always do as you are told. The children must (will have to) be back by five o’clock. | |||
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| · لا تستخدم (must) في الماضي وانما يستخدم (had to – obliged to) بدلاً عنها مثل ... | |||
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| Yesterday the children had to be in by four. Yesterday the children were obliged to be in by four. | |||
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| · تستخدم (mustn’t) بمعنى يحب لا مثل | |||
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| You mustn’t leave now. | |||
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| · تستخدم (don’t have to) بمعنى ليس بحاجه الى , كما في المثال التالي .. | |||
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| You don’t have to leave now, do you? | |||
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| بعض الافعال تكون افعال رئيسية ومساعدة في نفس الوقت | |||
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| · (dare) يستخدم كفعل رئيسي او فعل مساعد في نفس الوقت ومعناه يجرؤ او يجسر . لاحظ الامثلة التالية وقس عليها ... | |||
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| | فعل مساعد (dare) | ||
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| How dare he come here again? | |||
| Dare he do it again? | |||
| Who had dared disturb him? | |||
| He dare not tell her about the accident. | |||
| I met him yesterday but I dared not ask him. | |||
| Dare you jump from the roof? | |||
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| | فعل رئيسي (dare) | ||
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| Does he dare to do it again? | |||
| Who had dared to disturb him? | |||
| He does not dare to tell her about the accident. | |||
| I met him yesterday but I dared not to ask him. | |||
| Do you dare to jump down from the roof? | |||
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| · (need) يستخدم كفعل رئيسي او فعل مساعد في نفس الوقت ومعناه يحتاج , يمكن استخدامه كفعل مساعد في المضارع او في الماضي في الكلام غير مباشر , لاحظ الامثلة التالية وقس عليها ... | |||
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| | فعل مساعد (need) | ||
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| Need you go yet? No, I needn’t. You needn’t go yet, need you? | |||
| I need hardly tell you, need I? | |||
| He needn’t have hurried. | |||
| I asked him if I need repeat it. | |||
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| | فعل رئيسي (need) | ||
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| Does he need any help? | |||
| The old man needs rest. | |||
| The work needed time and patience. | |||
| You need a new hat. | |||
| Tom does not need our help any longer. | |||
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